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 Post subject: Re: finite group
PostPosted: Feb 07, 2010 - 06:18 PM 
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~ Tuổi Thơ ~
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câu này có sẳn trong bài luôn đó
X, Y là nonempty subset của group G, và muốn chứng minh either G = XY or |X| + |Y| </= |G|. Deduce from every element is a sum of two squares in finite field

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 Post subject: Re: finite group
PostPosted: Feb 07, 2010 - 11:03 PM 
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~ Biết Yêu ~
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cái finite field này ở đâu ra huynh không biết

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 Post subject: Re: finite group
PostPosted: Feb 08, 2010 - 12:53 AM 
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cái bài này có vấn đề si muội

G = {e, a, a^2, b, ba, ba^2} dihedral group (a^3 = 3, b^2 = e, ab = ba^{-1})

let X = {e, a, a^2}, Y = {e, ba, ba^2} subsets of G

|X| + |Y| < |G| (equal |G| actually)

nhưng mà XY vẫn bằng G (vì aba = b)

muội có viết sai không; là nonempty subsets hay là subgroups ?

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 Post subject: Re: finite group
PostPosted: Feb 08, 2010 - 06:47 AM 
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If X and Y are non-empty subsets of a group G, prove that either G = XY or |G| >/= |Y| + |X|. Deduce that in a finite field every element is a sum of two square.

Đây là chính xác câu hỏi đó sưu huynh :roll:

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 Post subject: Re: finite group
PostPosted: Feb 08, 2010 - 08:07 PM 
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Hiểu rồi, chữ "or" cũng có nghĩa là both. Bài này có 2 phần. Phần 1

If X and Y are non-empty subsets of a group G, prove that either G = XY or |G| >/= |Y| + |X|.

Restate lại

If |X| + |Y| > |G| then XY = G. [equivalent to the statement above]

proof.

Assume that |X| + |Y| > |G|. Let g in G, we show that g in XY. [this means G is contained in XY, so G = XY]

Observe that |gY| = |Y| = |Y^(-1)|. [where Y^(-1) = {y^(-1) : y in Y}]

Hence

|G| > |X U gY^(-1)| = |X| + |gY^(-1)| - |X n gY^(-1)|

= |X| + |Y| - |X n gY^(-1)|

> |G| - |X n gY^(-1)|

So |X n gY^(-1)| > 0. This implies there exists x in X such that x = gy^(-1) for some y in Y.

Thus g = xy in XY.

Xong phần 1. Phần 2

Deduce that in a finite field every element is a sum of two square.

ok muội suy nghĩ tiếp đi làm sao dùng phần 1 để prove phần 2

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 Post subject: Re: finite group
PostPosted: Feb 08, 2010 - 09:13 PM 
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vậy từ đây, g = xy in XY

phải phần 2 là


g = (x^2 + y^2) mod xy ? những elements có phải là viết dưới dạng này không ?

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 Post subject: Re: finite group
PostPosted: Feb 08, 2010 - 10:22 PM 
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không phải đâu là không phải đâu

Note: phần 1 nếu dùng + for the operation on (G,+) thì |X| + |Y| > |G| implies X+Y = G

phần 2 là một bài khác

Let (F, x, +) be a finite field. Show that every element in F can be written as a sum of two squares (in F).

Hint. (F, +) is a group. Show that S = {a^2 : a in F} has cardinality > |F|/2.

Then part 1 implies S+S = F

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 Post subject: Re: finite group
PostPosted: Feb 09, 2010 - 12:32 PM 
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(F, +) is a group. Show that S = {a^2 : a in F} has cardinality > |F|/2.
|F| = p^n, |F|/2 = (p^n)/2
S = {a0, a1, ...,a_n : All a in F}
(p^n +1)/2 > (p^n)/2
For all x in F,

there exists i,j such that (a_i)^2 = x - (a_j)^2
or x = (a_j)^2 + (a_i)^2

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 Post subject: Re: finite group
PostPosted: Feb 10, 2010 - 03:56 PM 
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there exists i,j such that (a_i)^2 = x - (a_j)^2

ở đâu ra vậy trời

đâu có biết |S| = (p^n+1)/2 đâu

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 Post subject: Re: finite group
PostPosted: Feb 10, 2010 - 08:16 PM 
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bí quá viết bậy bạ chơi
cho thêm hint nữa đi sưu huynh

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 Post subject: Re: finite group
PostPosted: Feb 11, 2010 - 12:14 AM 
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let S = {a^2 : a in F}

consider the map f : F-{0} ---> F-{0}, f(a) = a^2 [f is a group homomorphism on (F, x)]

observe that |S| = |Im(f)| + 1

prove that |Im(f)| + 1 > |F|/2

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 Post subject: Re: finite group
PostPosted: Feb 11, 2010 - 07:29 AM 
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|Im(f)| + 1 > |F|/2

Im(f) = a^2
|Im(f)| = |a^2| ; |F| = 1 because its kernel maps to the the identity (f : F-{0} ---> F-{0})
so |Im(f)| = 2 ??
|Im(f)| + 1 > |F|

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 Post subject: Re: finite group
PostPosted: Feb 13, 2010 - 11:53 PM 
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Im(f) = {a^2 : a in F-{0}}

hint:

look at the kernel ker(f) of f

either |ker(f)| = 1 or |ker(f)| = 2

next ... ?


chúc si muội ăn tết vui vẻ !

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